Here is the English translation of the provided Persian text:
**Study Guide: History of Islam (Medina Era 1 & 2)**
This study guide is designed to review and assess your understanding of the key events during the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) migration to Medina and the subsequent developments. This collection includes a short-answer quiz, its key, analytical questions for further contemplation, and a comprehensive glossary of key terms.
**Short-Answer Quiz**
Answer each of the following questions in 2 to 3 sentences, based solely on the information available in the sources.
1. What were the names of the two main covenants that the people of Yathrib made with the Prophet (PBUH) before the migration, and what was their main difference?
2. What were the three fundamental and primary actions taken by the Prophet (PBUH) after arriving in Medina to shape the Islamic society?
3. What was the main reason for the temporary defeat of the Muslims in the Battle of Uhud, and how did it occur?
4. Why is the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah described in the Quran as "Fath-e Mubin" (Clear Victory)?
5. What was the decisive role of Imam Ali (AS) in the conquest of Qamus Fortress during the Battle of Khaybar?
6. What was the story of "Masjid al-Dirar," and what command did the Prophet (PBUH) issue regarding it based on divine revelation?
7. Under what circumstances and to whom was the Hadith al-Manzilah (Tradition of Position) narrated by the Prophet (PBUH)?
8. Why did the Prophet (PBUH) declare a general amnesty after the conquest of Mecca and refer to the people of Mecca as "Tulaqa’"?
9. What were the main reasons for the opposition of the Jews of Medina to Islam, despite the prophecies in their books?
10. What was the tragedy of Khalid ibn al-Walid's expedition to Banu Jadhimah, and what was the Prophet's (PBUH) reaction to it?
---
**Quiz Key**
1. The two main covenants were the First Pledge of Aqabah and the Second Pledge of Aqabah. The first pledge, known as Bay'at al-Nisa (Pledge of Women), was a general oath of allegiance, while the second pledge, known as Bay'at al-Harb (Pledge of War), was a defensive and military pact in which the people of Yathrib committed to providing military support to the Prophet (PBUH).
2. The three fundamental actions of the Prophet (PBUH) were: the construction of Masjid al-Nabi as a cultural, political, and social base; the establishment of the pact of brotherhood (akhawāt) between the Muhajirun (emigrants) and Ansar (helpers); and the drafting of the general Covenant of Medina (Mithaq al-Madinah) to organize relations among Muslims, Jews, and other groups.
3. The main reason for the temporary defeat was the disobedience of most archers to the Prophet's (PBUH) command. Assuming victory, they abandoned their strategic position in the mountain pass to collect spoils, and Khalid ibn al-Walid seized this opportunity to attack the Muslim army from behind.
4. The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was a strategic victory because, for the first time, the Islamic state of Medina was recognized by its enemy (Quraysh). This peace provided the necessary security for the spread of Islam to other regions and paved the way for subsequent major conquests such as Khaybar and eventually the conquest of Mecca.
5. After Abu Bakr and Umar failed to conquer Qamus Fortress, the Prophet (PBUH) handed the banner to Imam Ali (AS). After his eyes were cured, Imam Ali (AS) killed the Jewish champions, including Marhab, and miraculously used the fortress gate as a shield to conquer this formidable stronghold.
6. Masjid al-Dirar was a mosque built by hypocrites under the pretext of helping the sick and elderly, but in reality, it was a base for conspiracy, division, and cooperation with the enemies of Islam. Upon returning from the Battle of Tabuk, the Prophet (PBUH), by divine command (Surah At-Tawbah), ordered its demolition and burning.
7. The Hadith al-Manzilah was narrated on the eve of the Battle of Tabuk. When the Prophet (PBUH) appointed Imam Ali (AS) as his successor in Medina, and the hypocrites spread rumors, the Prophet (PBUH) said: "Your position to me is like the position of Aaron to Moses, except that there will be no prophet after me."
8. Despite years of persecution by the Meccan polytheists, the Prophet (PBUH), with full power, adopted a policy of forgiveness and clemency to demonstrate the mercy of Islam and not force anyone to accept the religion. With this action, he called the people of Mecca "freed ones" and removed animosities.
9. The main reasons for the Jews' opposition included racism (their refusal to accept a non-Israelite prophet), the threat to their economic interests and socio-political status, and the weakening of their scholars' positions.
10. Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent to invite the Banu Jadhimah tribe to Islam, but due to pre-Islamic animosities, after the tribe accepted Islam, he deceived them, disarmed them, and killed about 30 people. The Prophet (PBUH) was deeply saddened, disavowed Khalid's action, and sent Imam Ali (AS) to pay full blood money and damages.
---
**Analytical Questions**
Answer the following questions analytically, using the information available in the sources. (Answers are not provided)
1. Analyze the philosophy of war and peace in Islam based on the Prophet's (PBUH) actions in expeditions (Sarayā), battles (Ghazwāt), and treaties (such as the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah). What was his approach before battle, during it, and after victory?
2. Compare the Prophet's (PBUH) actions in confronting internal groups in Medina (hypocrites and Jews). What were the reasons, methods of confrontation, and results of dealing with each of these groups?
3. Describe the role of leadership and steadfastness of the Prophet (PBUH) and his special companions (such as Imam Ali (AS) and Hamza) in managing military crises like Uhud, Hunayn, and Khaybar.
4. Compare and analyze the impact of material factors (number of troops, equipment) and spiritual factors (faith, divine assistance, arrogance, weakness) on the outcomes of the battles of Badr, Uhud, and Hunayn.
5. Examine the developments of the Islamic society from the migration to the conquest of Mecca. How did a persecuted community in Mecca transform into the dominant power in the Arabian Peninsula, and what were the Prophet's (PBUH) key actions in this regard?
---
**Glossary**
| Term | Definition Based on Text |
| :--------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Yathrib | The original name of the city of Medina before the Prophet's (PBUH) migration. |
| Madinat al-Rasul | The name given to the city of Yathrib after the Prophet's (PBUH) migration. |
| Aws and Khazraj | The two main Arab tribes residing in Yathrib, who became known as "Ansar" after embracing Islam. |
| Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir, Banu Qurayzah | The three main Jewish tribes residing in Yathrib who became involved in conflicts with Muslims after violating covenants. |
| First Pledge of Aqabah (Bay'at al-Nisa) | A covenant made in the 12th year of prophethood between 12 people from Yathrib and the Prophet (PBUH). |
| Second Pledge of Aqabah (Bay'at al-Harb) | A defensive and military covenant made in the 13th year of prophethood between 75 people from Yathrib and the Prophet (PBUH). |
| Dar al-Nadwah | The meeting place of the Quraysh leaders in Mecca where the plot to assassinate the Prophet (PBUH) was planned. |
| Laylat al-Mabit | The night Imam Ali (AS) slept in the Prophet's (PBUH) bed to protect his life. |
| Muhajirun | Muslims who migrated from Mecca to Medina. |
| Ansar | Muslims from Yathrib (Medina) who welcomed and supported the Muhajirun. |
| Munafiqun | Individuals who outwardly claimed to be Muslims but inwardly harbored enmity towards Islam and the Prophet (PBUH). |
| Mithaq al-Madinah | The general covenant established by the Prophet (PBUH) to regulate relations among all groups residing in Medina (Muslims, Jews, etc.). |
| Sariyah | A military expedition carried out by the Prophet's (PBUH) command but without his direct presence. |
| Ghazwah | A battle in which the Prophet (PBUH) was personally present and commanded. |
| Al-`Udwat ad-Dunya wa al-Quswa | The two banks of Wadi Badr; the location of Muslims (Dunya) and polytheists (Quswa) in the Battle of Badr. |
| Ghazwat Hamra al-Asad | A battle immediately after Uhud, undertaken to pursue the polytheists and prevent their return. |
| Fay' | Wealth obtained by Muslims without military conflict or struggle, such as the properties of Banu Nadir and the land of Fadak. |
| Bay'at al-Ridwan (Bay'at al-Shajarah) | The pledge made by Muslims in Hudaybiyyah under a tree with the Prophet (PBUH), swearing loyalty unto death. |
| Fath-e Mubin | The Quranic description of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, signifying a strategic and clear victory for Islam. |
| Tulaqa' | "The Freed Ones"; the title given by the Prophet (PBUH) to the people of Mecca, who were pardoned after its conquest. |
| Mu'allafat al-Qulub | New converts who received a larger share of the spoils to win their affection and solidify their faith (e.g., Battle of Hunayn). |
| Dhul-Khuwaysirah | A person who, during the distribution of spoils at Hunayn, protested and insulted the Prophet's (PBUH) justice. |
| Masjid al-Dirar | A mosque built by hypocrites for conspiracy and division in Medina, which was destroyed by divine command. |
| Jaysh al-Usrah | "The Army of Hardship"; the title of the Muslim army in the Battle of Tabuk due to numerous difficulties such as heat, long distance, and lack of provisions. |
| Hadith al-Manzilah | A tradition stated by the Prophet (PBUH) on the eve of the Battle of Tabuk concerning Imam Ali's (AS) position: "Your position to me is like the position of Aaron to Moses." |
| Ja'far al-Tayyar (Dhul-Janahayn) | The title of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, whom the Prophet (PBUH) said was given two wings in Paradise after his two hands were cut off in the Battle of Mu'tah. |
| Dhat al-Salasil | The name of a sandy region where an expedition led by Imam Ali (AS) achieved victory, and Surah Al-Adiyat was revealed about it. |
| Dhu al-Qiblatayn | "Possessor of Two Qiblas"; the title of a mosque (Banu Salimah) whose worshipers, upon hearing the news of the change of Qibla, changed their direction from Jerusalem to the Kaaba during the Asr prayer. |
| Umrat al-Qada' | The Umrah performed by Muslims one year after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, as per the terms of the agreement. |
